All Miscellaneous Articles Index
1975 to 2022
BEGINNERS
See Culture heading for even more articles on growing plants
- A Single Spine from a Cactus Can Lift a Half Pound Slab of Pork by Katherine J. Wu, 9/21, page 5
- Altering Microclimates During Winter by Kim Andrews, 3/20, page 10
- An Acid Trip for Your Plants? by Lee Brownson, 9/07, page 6
- Ask Harry with Harry O’Carpus (plant advice) by Scott McMahon, 6/99, page 5
- Ask Harry with Harry O’Carpus (plant advice) by Scott McMahon, 2/99, page 2
- Ask Harry with Harry O’Carpus (plant advice) by Scott McMahon, 9/98, page 5
- Basic Watering Guidelines for Succulents During Growth and Dormancy by Kim Andrews, 12/19, page 4
- Beginning (your collection) by Lin Leivian, 8/04, page 6
- Breaking Dormancy by Kim Andrews, 4/20, page 6
- Cactus: How do I Stop a Cactus from Rotting? Sue Hakala, 4/19, page 8
- Beginner’s Corner: Cinnamon, 3/22, page 13
- Delay Watering After Repotting by Tom Gatz, 9/21, page 7
- Ensuring Good Drainage in Your Pots by Tom Gatz, 5/21, page 8
- Favorite Cactus and Succulent Books, 9/21, page 20 by Kent C. Newland, 1/76, page 6
- Future Care of Plants (will attachment) by Sue Hakala, 10/16, page 14
- Good Advice from a Master Grower by Jim Elliott, 9/20, page 8
- Good Growing (for beginners) by Debra Korobkin, 7/99, page 6
- Good Growing: What’s in a Name by Debra Korobkin, 9/98, page 2
- Growing in the Sonoran Desert by Sue Hakala, 2/19, page 16
- Help with Plant Problems , 10/21, page 5
- Hints and Wacky Facts, various authors, 3/93, page 6
- How are Plants Named Part One: Why Two Names? by Leo Martin, 7/99, page 1
- How Do You Enlarge Your Collection by Leo Martin, 10/98, page 1
- How do I Identify Different Species Within a Genus? by Doug Dawson, 3/19, page 4
- How to Treat a Newly Acquired Plant by Leo Martin, 8/02, page 3
- Identifying a Species Within a Genus by Doug Dawson, 3/19, page 4
- It’s Ok to Kill Plants by Kenton Seth, 10/22, page 4
- Know Your Plants’ Native Climate by Doug Dawson, 1/09, page 7
- Moonlight Garden Plant Selections by Jason Wiley, 5/20, pages 17, 18, 19
- Need More Winter Help by Sue Hakala, 12/22, page 12
- No Greenhouse! No Lath House! by Martha Passwater, 12/82, page 11
- Our Latest Potting Mix by Frank and Phil Hennessey, 3/79, page 5
- pH Factors by Steve Stempleski, 4/89, page 6
- Pots and Potting Mix by Leo Martin, 3/16, page 11
- Pronunciation of Plant Names by Dylan P. Hannon, 10/98, page 9
- Protecting Yourself from the Sun by Sue Hakala, 5/22, page 15
- Pumice by Sue Hakala, 2/17, page 10
- Pumice an Introduction by Lynn Friedman, 8/20, page 9
- Repotting Cactus and Succulents by Jim Oravetz, 7/90, page 1
- Shade Cloth an Introduction by Lynn Friedman, 5/20, page 9
Showing Plants: see the Showing Plants heading
- Soil by Sue Hakala, 3/16, page 16
Tools: See TOOLS for helpful information
- Top Dressing by Cliff Fielding, 4/22, page 19
- Top Dressing by Ken Luiten, 4/22, page 7
- Top Dressing by Scott McMahon, 4/22, page 10
- Top Dressing by Sue Tyrell, 5/22, page 14
- Turn of the Seasons by Leo Martin, 9/02, page 2
- Understanding Plant Names by Sue Hakala, 1/17, page 11
- Vocabulary Building by Sue Hakala, 8/22, page 19
- Watering Cactus and Succulents During the Summer—Proceed with Caution by Tom Gatz, 5/13, page 5
- Watering of Cacti by Lewis R. Steichman, 5/77, page 4
- What are the Most Outrageous Cactus Flowers? by Scott McMahon, 4/19, page 3
- What Plants Grow in Full Sun by Lee Brownson, 6/20, page 9
- What the Heckensis? (plant names) by Tristan Davis, 2/22, page 3
- What type of succulents thrive in a wet/damp environment like a mulched flower bed? by Sue Hakala, 5/19, page 7
- What’s it Called Again? (importance of keeping records) by Wayne Macdonald, 7/22, page 19
- When in Doubt…Repot That Plant by Steve Plath, 3/16, page 9
- Where is a Good Place to Buy Plants Locally? (various authors), 12/18, page 10
- Where to Buy Cacti and Succulents by Chris Ginkel, 5/10, page 7
- Writing Plant Names by Sue Hakala, 12/19, page 13
BEGINNER’S CORNER
- Beginner’s Corner by Sue Hakala, 2/19, page 16
- Beginner's Corner: An Introduction to Pumice by Lynn Friedman, 8/20, page 9
- Beginner’s Corner: An Introduction to Shade Cloth by Lynn Friedman, 5/20, page 9
- Beginner’s Corner: Cinnamon, 3/22, page 13
- Beginner’s Corner: Finding Past Newsletter Articles by Sue Hakala, 9/19, page 12
- Beginner’s Corner: Getting Ready for Summer by Sue Hakala, 5/19, page 11
- Beginner’s Corner: Summer Watering by Sue Hakala, 7/19, page 15
CULTURE
- A Stolon by Any Other Name by Wayne MacDonald, 9/21, page 11
- A Thorn in My Side: Learning to Grow Cacti and Succulents, by Lillian Barker, 9/14, page 6
- Altering Microclimates During Winter by Kim Andrews, 1/21, page 7
- An Acid Trip for Your Plants? by Lee Brownson, 9/07, page 6
- An Introduction to Pumice by Lynn Friedman, 8/20, page 9
- Beginning (your collection) by Lin Leivian, 8/04, page 6
- Best Soil for Cactus by Ernest Braunton, 5/92, page 6
- Black rot: Saving a Plant That Has Black Rot by San Diego Cactus and Succulent Society, 3/16, page 18
- Breaking Dormancy by Kim Andrews, 4/20, page 6
- Breath In. Breath Out. by Wayne MacDonald, 7/21, page 5
- Building Your Collection with Ethically Grown Plants, 7/21, page 7
- Bush Fire Survivors by Cliff Fielding, 7/21, page 9
- Cactus: How do I Stop a Cactus from Rotting? by Sue Hakala, 4/19, page 8
- Cactus Felt Scale—Acanthococcus coccineus by Chris Malumphy, 6/99, page 7
- Conclusions After Thirty Years of Experiments by Frank Hennessey, 4/89, page 6
- Conclusions After Thirty Years of Experiments by Frank Hennessey, 10/88, page 3
- Delay Watering After Repotting by Tom Gatz, 9/21, page 7
- Easy Plant Biochemistry for Cactophiles Part I: Plants and People are Bags of
- Chemicals Mixed in Water by Leo Martin, 6/98, page 5
- Easy Plant Biochemistry for Cactophiles Part II: The Parts of Cells by Leo Martin, 7/98, page 5
- Easy Plant Biochemistry for Cactophiles Part IV: Photosynthesis by Leo Martin, 9/98, page 4
- Ensuring Good Drainage in Your Pots by Tom Gatz, 5/21, page 8
- Farina by Sue Hakala, 5/20, page 11
- Favorite Cactus and Succulent Books , 9/21, page 20
- Feed Me by Eric Lundberg, 11/19, page 12
- Fertilizing and Automatic Feeding by Leo Martin, 10/07, page 10
- For Your Cactus Garden by Michelle Schrade, Eric Lundberg, Nancy Popp Mumpton, Tristan Davis, and Wendy Barrett, 4/21, page 4
- Frost on the Cactus by Kent C. Newland, 1/76, page 6
- Fruity Cactus by Wayne MacDonald, 12/21, page 11
- Fruity Cactus: Part 2 by Wayne MacDonald, 1/22, page 9
- Fungal Infections of Cactus (no author), 6/98, page 2
- Future Care of Plants by Sue Hakala, 10/16, page 15
- Go Ahead and Get Your Hands Dirty by Wayne MacDonald, 9/22, page 14
- Good Advice from a Master Grower by Jim Elliott, 9/20, page 8
- Growing from Pups by Rose Arciniaga, 10/21, page 12
- Guide to the Use of Fluorescent Lights to Grow Plants Indoors by Leo Martin, 3/14, page 9
- Help with Plant Problems, 10/21, page 5
- Helpful Hints by Paul Schueneman, 4/08, page 4
- Hints (watering) by Fran and Lee Tolleson, 12/82, page 4
- How Old are Desert Plants? by Sue Hakala, 5/20, page 12
- How Well Do Your Plants Grow? by Jim Oravetz, 4/89, page 5
- How Well Do Your Plants Grow? by Jim Oravetz, 10/88, page 2
- Identifying a species within a genus by Doug Dawson, 3/19, page 4
- June Tips from Arizona Cactus Sales (caring for plants), 6/00, page 3
- Know Your Plants’ Native Climate by Doug Dawson, 1/09, page 7
- Lath House Caper by Philomela Hennessey, 9/75, page 2
- Much More Mulch by W. George Waters, 6/93, page 6
- No Greenhouse! No Lath House! by Martha Passwater, 12/82, page 11
- What is Photoperiodism? by Marina Welham, 9/98, page 3
- Our Latest Potting Mix Frank and Phil Hennessey, 3/79
- pH Factors by Steve Stempleski, 4/89, page 6
- Plant Exposure by Chris Ginkel, 5/19, page 3
- Plant Hormones by Mike Goodson, 10/88,
- Plant Tags by R.P. Brown, 3/09, page 6
- Protecting Yourself from the Sun by Sue Hakala, 5/22, page 15
- Pot Sealer by Scott McMahon, 7/20, page 13
- Pots and Potting Mix by Leo Martin, 3/16, page 11
- Provide Adequate Shade for Cactus and Succulents in the Early Fall by Tom Gatz, 9/15, page 7
- Providing Shade for Cactus and Succulents by Tom Gatz, 6/20, page 3
- Providing Shade for Cactus and Succulents by Tom Gatz, 6/06, page 4
- Pumice an Introduction by Lynn Friedman, 8/20, page 9
- Repotting Cactus and Succulents by Jim Oravetz, 7/90, page 2
- Shade Cloth an Introduction by Lynn Friedman, 5/20, page 9
- Shade Screen Project by Steve Stempleski, 1/89 page 1
- Shade Screen Project by Steve Stempleski, 4/89 page 9
- She’s Your Baby Now (choosing appropriate plants for Phoenix) by Eric Lundberg, 4/20, page 9
- Soil by Sue Hakala, 3/16, page 16
- Soils and Pots by Leo Martin, 2/01, page 3
- Spine and Thorns by Rosario Douglas, 8/20, page 6
- Stocks for Grafting Cacti in the Desert by Bob Moulis, 6/76, page 1
- Stomata by Gordon Rowley, 11/20, page 4
- 30% Shade Cloth by Paul Schueneman, 3/09, page 6
- Tips and Tricks (for your plants) by Leo Martin, 8/02, page 2
- Top Dressing by Cliff Fielding, 4/22, page 19
- Top Dressing by Ken Luiten, 4/22, page 7
- Top Dressing by Scott McMahon, 4/22, page 10
- Top Dressing by Sue Tyrell, 5/22, page 14
- Turn of the Seasons by Leo Martin, 9/02, page 2
- Under the Lights by Lee Tolleson, 9/75, page 2
- Understanding Fertilizers by Gary Petterson, 4/90, page 1
- Waiting to Exhale by Tom Gatz, 10/06, page 6
- Waking up Adeniums by mark Dimmitt, 3/13, page 5
- Watering Cactus and Succulents During the Summer—Proceed with Caution by Tom Gatz, 5/13, page 5
- Watering of Cacti by Lewis R. Steichman, 5/77, page 4
- What Came First? The Plant or the Pot? by Deborah Robin, 9/16, page 8
- What is Photoperiodism? by Marina Welham, 9/98, page 3
- When in Doubt…Repot That Plant by Steve Plath, 3/16, page 9
- What the Heckensis? (plant names) by Tristan Davis, 2/22, page 3
- What’s it Called Again? (importance of keeping records) by Wayne Macdonald, 7/22, page 19
- Where to Buy Cacti and Succulents by Chris Ginkel, 5/10, page 7
- Willow Caper (rooting cacti with willow tea) by Frank Hennessey, 6/84, page 7
- Writing Plant Names by Sue Hakala, 12/19, page 13
GRAFTING
- Grafting Cactus: A New Technique by N. Zeislin and A. Keren, 10/94, page 11
- Grafting Cactus: A New Technique by N. Zeislin and A. Keren, 1/92, page 9
- How Do I Graft a Cactus/Succulent? by Dean Patrick, 8/18, page 15
- Removing a Graft and Rooting it by Dean Patrick, 9/19, page 4
- Removing a Graft and Rooting it by Dean Patrick, 9/19, page 4
INSECTS (also see Problems)
- Agave Snout Weevil Attack by Sue Hakala, 7/19, page 14
- Ag ave Snout Weevil: Prevention and Treatment of Agaves from the Desert Botanical Garden, 3/18, page 11
- Agave Weevils by Scott McMahon, 9/00, page 3
- Agave Weevils by Sue Hakala, 9/04, page 6
- Aphids: Amazons of the Insect World by Sue Hakala, 5/18, page 19;
- 2/06, page 4;
- 2/05 , page 5
- Black Widow Spider by Sue Hakala, 6/05, page 1
- Cochineal by Sue Hakala 6/02, page 2
- Cochineal: Seeing Red by F. R. Hennessey, 12/82, page 27
- Diatomaceous Earth (to kill mealy bugs) (no author), 6/93, page 8
- Digger Bee by Sue Hakala, 5/08, page 3
- Fleas by Sue Hakala, 7/99, page 3
- Fungus Gnats in Soil by Sue Hakala, 10/19, page 15
- Green Lacewing by Sue Hakala, 7/07, page 5
- Green Lynx Spider by Sue Hakala, 2/22, page 7
- Insects in Winter by Sue Hakala, 1/20, page 21
- Insects: Unseen New Friends, 11/20, page 10
- Ladybugs by Sue Hakala, 6/00, page 2
- Ladybugs: Don’t Buy Them by Sue Hakala, 7/01, page 4
- Mealybugs found in Bug of the Month: Cinco de Mayo Fiesta? by Sue Hakala, 2/99, page 5
- Mealybugs: How do I Avoid and Treat Mealybugs? by Sue Hakala, 9/18, page 15
- Moths: National Moth Week July 23-31 by Sue Hakala, 7/16, page 11
- My War with Mealybugs by Judy Johnson, 10/87, page 6
- On the Dry Side (bugs) by Timothy Chapman, 6/94, page 1
- Palo Verde Borer Beetle in the Low Desert by Maricopa County Cooperative Extension Home Horticulture, 7/17, page 10
- September and October Tips (wind, ants, whitefly) from Arizona Cactus Sales, 9/98, page 3
- Sowbugs and Pillbugs by Sue Hakala, 3/99, page 4
- Spider Mites by Sue Hakala, 1/19, page 20;10/05, page 1
- Stapelias and Mealy Bugs Preventing Infestations by Sue Hakala, 8/08, page 6
- Stinkbugs by Sue Hakala, 9/00, page 7
- Time to Treat for Agave Snout Weevil by Sue Hakala, 5/19, page 11
- Treating Agaves to Prevent Agave Snout Weevil Infestation by Tom Gatz, 3/01, page 4
- White Plague of Opuntia by Muriel Beroza, 1/04, page 3
HISTORY
- CACSS Birthday Celebration by Genevieve Open, 5/77, page 1
- CACSS Brochure by Sue Hakala, 12/19, page 9
- CACSS History by Sue Hakala 7/22, page 4
- CACSS Presidents 1973-2013 , By Jeanne Ann Brush, 12/13, page 1
- Central Arizona Cactus and Succulent Society a Little Club History by Sue Hakala, 9/08, page7
- Central Arizona Cactus and Succulent Society and the Desert Botanical Garden Growing Together Since 1973, summarized by Tom Gatz and Lois Schneberger, 8/13, page 10
- Commemorative Tribute Tile (no author), 7/15, page 8
- History of CACSS 1983-1985 by Marilyn Fitz-Randolph, 12/85, page 1
- History of the CACSS 1973-1976 by Marilyn Fitz-Randolph, 1/85, page 1
- History of the CACSS 1973 by Marilyn Fitz-Randolph, 6/84, page 1
- How it All Began (CACSS) by Frank Hennessey, 4/89, page 1
- How it all Began (CACSS) by Frank Hennessey, 4/88, page 1 by Mary Ellen Morrissey, 2/19, page 9
- Society Logo by Charles F. Merbs, 1/79, page 1
- The First Year by Sue Hakala, 5/12, page 4
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
- Desert Landscaping Tips compiled by Tom Gatz, 6/13, page 5
- Incorporating Art in the Garden by Rick Rosenberg, 1/22, page 12
- Is Your Patio Appealing or Going to Pot? by Tom Gatz, 1/03, page 3
- Landscape Design With Cacti and Succulents in Mind by Lillian Barker, 10/14, page 6
- Landscaping with Succulents by Tom Gatz, 9/05, page 3
- My Quest for Landscape by Daniel Sumberg, 10/21, page 3
MEMBERS AND FRIENDS
- Adrian Hardy Haworth (no author), 1/85, page 7
- Adrian Hardy Haworth (no author), 6/84, page 7
- Adolph Wislizenus, M.D. by Scott McMahon, 9/16, page 9
- Alwin Berger by Scott McMahon, 1/20, page 12
- Ambroise Verschaffelt by Scott McMahon, 1/18, page 7
- Beverly Jean White—in Memory (no author), 11/02, page 3
- CACSS Presidents 1973-2013, 12/13, page 1
- Cliff Fielding Biography by Sue Hakala, 8/07, page 7
- Cricket Peterson by Jo Davis, 2/21, page 5
- Cynthia Robinson In Memoriam, 1 1/16, page 18
- Dan Smith by Cindy Capek, 12/16, page 5
- Dan Smith and His Adeniums: In Memoriam by Tom Gatz, 12/21, page 2
- San Smith: Celebrating the Life of Dan Smith by Denise Smith, 5/22, page 3
- Darrel Plowes by Sue Hakala, 12/16, page 7
- Dave Palzkill: Biography, 5/15, page 1
- Dean Patrick Propagating Plants by Sue Hakala, 7/15, page 7
- Doug Dawson, 5/21, page 3
- Doug Dawson CACSS Honorary Lifetime Member by Sue Hakala, 2/16, page 5
- Doug Green In Memoriam by Wayne Wipple, 10/13, page 4
- Edmund Hunt In Memoriam by Marie Hunt, Chuck and Jeanne Ann Brush, 1/19, page 6
- Edward Palmer by Scott McMahon, 6/19, page 14
- Emily Glenn by Jo Davis, 7/16, page 14
- Erik (a poem) by Julie Plath, October and (correction on poem) 11/10, page 4
- Erik M. Anderson by Lee Brownson, 10/10, page 1
- Gard Roper CACSS Honorary Lifetime Member by Tom Gatz, 3/16, page 4
- Gary Nabhan by Angelica Elliott, 12/16, page 19
- George Engelmann by Scott McMahon, 10/16, page 4
- Dr. George Engelmann, Botanist Supreme by Vera Gamet, 4/87, page 4
- Gordon D. Rowley (no author), 4/91, page 8
- Gus Herman by Jim Elliott, 6/04, page 8
- Hail to Our Chiefs, Presidents Past and Present with photos of past presidents by Jeanne Ann Brush, 12/13, page 1
- Harry Johnson by Stan Skirvin, 12/89, page 4
- Henry Browne Wallace (no author), 8/05, page 5
- Henry Shaw by Scott McMahon, 11/16, page 14
- Henry Triesler, Cactophile by Vera Gamet, 10/84, 1/79, page 5
- Honorary Lifetime Memberships 2018: Cathy Babcock and Lee Brownson by Beth Kirkpatrick, 1/19, page 22
- Hubert Earle Retires (an interview) by Dottie O’Rourke, 12/76, page 1
- Ilza Hahlo by Vera Gamet, 12/85, page 5
- In Memoriam: Kathy Oakey by Sue Hakala, 2/22, page 5
- In Memoriam: Richard J. Smith, 9/22, page 8
- In Memoriam: To Members that Have Passed Away by Vera Gamet, 12/94, page 3
- James Duncan Graham by Scott McMahon, 12/16, page 15
- James Jones: In Memoriam (no author), 2/01, page 5
- Janet Hazlett: In Memoriam, 1/21, page 5
- Jim Baker by Sue Hakala, 2/99, page 3
- Jim Elliott (no author), 2/79, page 7
- Jim Elliott, CACSS President, 1990 and 1991 by Jeanne Ann Brush, 2/14, page 9
- Jim Oravetz (no author), 8/14, page 1
- Jim Oravetz: In Memoriam by Chris Ginkel, 9/20, page 3
- Jo Davis by Cindy Capek, 9/16, page 5
- Joan Skirvin by Sue Hakala, 11/12, page 7
- Joe Barnes: In Memoriam by Carol Al Barnes, 12/21, page 6
- John Crummey In Memoriam by David Crummey, 5/19, page 5
- Julie Plath by Sue Hakala, 3/14, page 7
- Julie Plath Personal Biography by Julie Plath, 2/15, page 1
- Katherine “Kat” Hanna by Jordanna Saunders, 6/16, page 6
- Kent C. Newland (no author), 5/85, page 4
- Kent C. Newland (no author), 12/82, page 7
- Leon Diguet by Scott McMahon, 8/18, page 20
- Lewis “Lew” Steichman (no author), 12/89, page 7
- Lois Schneberger CACSS Honorary Lifetime Member Recipient by Tom Gatz, 11/16, page 5
- Lucio Amado Memoriam by Loran Rodewald, 6/18, page 7
- Margaret Caldwell by Henry Triesler, 8/04, page 5
- Mark Dimmitt a Biography by Nick Diomede, 4/13, page 1
- Marvin Williams (no author), 9/07, page 9
- Mary Ann Garewal by Wendy Barrett, 11/14, page 3
- Mary Irish: In Memoriam, 10/21, page 6
- Maury Clapp by Jo Davis, 11/10, page 5
- Meena Singh by Joan Skirvin, 12/94, page 4
- Nancy Mumpton: Co-Librarian by Sue Hakala, 3/21, page 4
- Nick Diomede by Jo Davis, 10/16, page 5
- Nicky Davis: Cactus Cake Maker by Sue Hakala, 1/14, page 6
- Paul Hutchinson by Stan Skirvin, 12/94, page 6
- Philomeina Hennessey In Memory (no author), 9/91, page 4
- Professor Kent and the Cactaceae by Lee Tolleson, 5/77, page 3
- Richard Greenberg by Sue Hakala, 8/04, page 5
- Scott McMahon Biography, 7/21, page 4
- Scott McMahon Honorary Lifetime Member Recipient by Tom Gatz, 5/16, page 5
- Skippy Burbick, in Memoriam, (no author), 3/90, page 1
- Stan Jones and His Cactus House (Carefree Cactus Gardens) by Vera Gamet, 1/85, page 6
- Stan Jones and His Cactus House (Carefree Cactus Gardens) by Vera Gamet, 6/84, page 6
- Steve Eugene Mack Memoriam, by Loran Rodewald, 11/18, page
- Steve Plath: Inner-City Show Judge by Sue Hakala, 9/10, page 4
- Steve Southwell: In Memoriam by Leo Martin, 9/01, page 3
- Susan Delano McKelvey, a Socialite Turned Botanist by Larry Mitich, 3/99, page 10
- Thomas Ropp by Sue Hakala, 3/99, page 5
- Vera Gamet in Memory by Jim Elliott, 6/99, page 1
- Wendell S. (Woody) Minnich, 1/15, page 7
- Wendy Barrett and Nancy Mumpton by Jo Davis, 8/16, page 5
- Wendy Hodgson’s Contributions to the Plant World by Gard Roper, 2/12, page 4
- Whitman Evans by C. F. Merbs, 12/76, page 3
PLACES TO VISIT
- Along the Devil’s Highway in Southwestern Arizona by Javier F. Gurrola, 6/16, page 15
- Baja Adventures Personal Perspectives by Sue Hakala, Tom Gatz, Monte Crawford, and Steve Plath, 10/09, page 4
- Baja Travel by Gard Roper, 3/19, page 3
- Big Bend by David Couch, 1/91, page 1
- Botanical Garden: University of California at Berkeley by Marvin E. Williams, 5/85, page 2
- CACSS 2016 California Bus Trip: A Novice View by Lance Runkles, 9/16, page 10
- CACSS Bus Trip: The 2018 Magical Cacti and Succulent California Bus Trip by Lance Runkles, 10/18, page 8
- CACSS Bus Trip to Southern California by Diana Rogers, 9/18, page 5
- Cactus Field to South Central Arizona by Laurence Garvie, 9/08, page 4
- Casa Azul at Tucson Botanical Garden by Linda Larson, 5/17, page 3
- Echinocereus Jewels of the Jarillas by Javier F. Gurrola, 10/16, page 6
- Expedition to the Atacama by Cliff Fielding, 1/19, page 10
- Gardener’s Legacy: The Ruth Bancroft Garden by Linda Larson, 11/16, page 15
- Jardin Exotic Botanical Garden: Monte Carlo, Monaco by Linda Larson, 6/18, page 5
- Jarilla Mountains and Tinajas Atlas Mountains with references by Javier F. Gurrola, 9/18, page 2
- North Maricopa Mountain Wilderness (no author), 3/10, page 3
- Organ Pipe National Monument by Javier Gurrola, 8/20, page 5
- Plant People in the San Diego Botanic Garden by Linda Larson, 10/11, page 1
- Splendor on the Side: A Creative Gardener Transforms a Strip of Land into a Magical
- Garden by Linda Larson, 3/18, page 8
- Trip by Minibus to the Tip of Baja California by William Tucker, 9/75, page 1
- Trip to Tehuacan-Cuicatlan Biosphere, Puebla, Mexico by Tamara Salvatierra, 6/22, page 6
- Tour Through Part of Northern Mexico by Bob Torrest, 2/07, page 8
- Visit to Quail Botanic Gardens by Jackson Fitz-Randolph, 9/79, page 3
PROBLEMS INDEX
Includes preventing and resolving problems that are not specific to a plant genus or species.
- 30% Shade Cloth by Paul Schueneman, 3/09, page 6
- A Thorn in My Side: Learning to Grow Cacti and Succulents, by Lillian Barker, 9/14, page 6
- Altering Microclimates During Winter by Kim Andrews, 1/21, page 7
- Altering Microclimates During Winter by Kim Andrews, 3/20, page 10
- An Acid Trip for Your Plants? by Lee Brownson, 9/07, page 6
- Aphids: Amazons of the Insect World by Sue Hakala, 5/18, page 19; 2/06, page 4; 2/05, page 5
- Ask Harry with Harry O’Carpus (plant advice) by Scott McMahon, 6/99, page 5
- Basic Watering Guidelines for Succulents During Growth and Dormancy by Kim Andrews, 12/19, page 4
- Beginner’s Corner by Sue Hakala, 2/19, page 16
- Beginner’s Corner: An Introduction to Shade Cloth by Lynn Friedman, 5/20, page 9
- Beginner’s Corner: Getting Ready for Summer by Sue Hakala, 5/19, page 11
- Beginner’s Corner: Summer Watering by Sue Hakala, 7/19, page 15
- Beginning (your collection) by Lin Leivian, 8/04, page 6
- Best Soil for Cactus by Ernest Braunton, 5/92, page 6
- Bird Proofing (no author), 4/94, page 3
- Black rot: Saving a Plant That Has Black Rot by San Diego Cactus and Succulent Society, 3/16, page 18
- Black Widow Spider by Sue Hakala, 6/05, page 1
- Breaking Dormancy by Kim Andrews, 4/20, page 6
- Building Your Collection with Ethically Grown Plants, 7/21, page 7
- Cactus: How do I Stop a Cactus from Rotting? by Sue Hakala, 4/19, page 8
- Common Plant Problems from Cactus and Succulents a Sunset Book, 1/18, page 12
- Conclusions After Thirty Years of Experiments by Frank Hennessey, 4/89, page 6
- Conclusions After Thirty Years of Experiments by Frank Hennessey, 10/88, page 3
- Creating A Great Landscape with Tom Gatz, 5/13, page 2
- Delay Watering After Repotting by Tom Gatz, 9/21, page 7
- Desert Landscaping Tips compiled by Tom Gatz, 6/13, page 5
- Diatomaceous Earth (to kill mealy bugs) (no author), 6/93, page 8
- Digger Bee by Sue Hakala, 5/08, page 3
- Ensuring Good Drainage in Your Pots by Tom Gatz, 5/21, page 8
- Feed Me by Eric Lundberg, 11/19, page 12
- Fertilizing and Automatic Feeding by Leo Martin, 10/07, page 10
- Fertilizing Indoor Plants: Ask an Expert by Steve Plath, 5/18, page 14
- Fleas by Sue Hakala, 7/99, page 3
- For Your Cactus Garden by Michelle Schrade, Eric Lundberg, Nancy Popp Mumpton, Tristan Davis, and Wendy Barrett, 4/21, page 4
- Frost on the Cactus by Kent C. Newland, 1/76, page 6
- Fungal Infections of Cactus (no author), 6/98, page 2
- Fungus Gnats in Soil by Sue Hakala, 10/19, page 15
- Future Care of Plants (will attachment) by Sue Hakala, 10/16, page 14
- Good Growing (for beginners) by Debra Korobkin, 7/99, page 6
- Good Growing: What’s in a Name by Debra Korobkin, 9/98, page 2
- Grafting Cactus: A New Technique by N. Zeislin and A. Keren, 1/92, page 9
- Grafting Cactus: A New Technique by N. Zeislin and A. Keren, 10/94, page 11
- Growing in the Sonoran Desert by Sue Hakala, 2/19, page 16
- Help with Plant Problems, 10/21, page 5
- Hints (watering) by Fran and Lee Tolleson, 12/82, page 4
- Hints and Wacky Facts, various authors, 3/93, page 6
- How are Plants Named Part One: Why Two Names? by Leo Martin, 7/99, page 1
- How Do I Graft a Cactus/Succulent? by Dean Patrick, 8/18, page 15
- How do I Identify Different Species Within a Genus? by Doug Dawson, 3/19, page 4
- How Do You Enlarge Your Collection by Leo Martin, 10/98, page 1
- How to Treat a Newly Acquired Plant by Leo Martin, 8/02, page 3
- How Well Do Your Plants Grow? by Jim Oravetz, 10/88, page 2
- How Well Do Your Plants Grow? by Jim Oravetz, 4/89, page 3
- Identifying a Species Within a Genus by Doug Dawson, 3/19, page 4
- Insects in Winter by Sue Hakala, 1/20, page 21
- Insects: Unseen New Friends, 11/20, page 10
- Is Your Patio Appealing or Going to Pot? by Tom Gatz, 1/03, page 3
- June Tips from Arizona Cactus Sales (caring for plants), 6/00, page 3
- Know Your Plants’ Native Climate by Doug Dawson, 1/09, page 7
- Ladybugs by Sue Hakala, 6/00, page 2
- Ladybugs: Don’t Buy Them by Sue Hakala, 7/01, page 4
- Landscape Design With Cacti and Succulents in Mind by Lillian Barker, 10/14, page 6
- Landscaping with Succulents by Tom Gatz, 9/05, page 3
- Mealybugs found in Bug of the Month: Cinco de Mayo Fiesta? by Sue Hakala, 2/99, page 5
- Mealybugs: How do I Avoid and Treat Mealybugs? by Sue Hakala, 9/18, page 15
- Moths: National Moth Week July 23-31 by Sue Hakala, 7/16, page 11
- Much More Mulch by W. George Waters, 6/93, page 6
- My War with Mealybugs by Judy Johnson, 10/87, page 6
- No Greenhouse! No Lath House! by Martha Passwater, 12/82, page 11
- On the Dry Side (bugs) by Timothy Chapman, 6/94, page 1
- Our Latest Potting Mix by Frank and Phil Hennessey, 3/79, page 5
- pH Factors by Steve Stempleski, 4/89, page 6
- Plant Exposure by Chris Ginkel, 5/19, page 3
- Plant Hormones by Mike Goodson, 10/88,
- Plant Tags by R.P. Brown, 3/09, page 6 Pot Sealer by Scott McMahon, 7/20, page 13
- Pots and Potting Mix by Leo Martin, 3/16, page 11
- Provide Adequate Shade for Cactus and Succulents in the Early Fall by Tom Gatz, 9/15, page 7
- Providing Shade for Cactus and Succulents by Tom Gatz, 6/06, page 4
- Providing Shade for Cactus and Succulents by Tom Gatz, 6/20, page 3
- Pumice an Introduction by Lynn Friedman, 8/20, page 9
- Pumice by Sue Hakala, 2/17, page 10
- Removing a Graft and Rooting it by Dean Patrick, 9/19, page 4
- Repotting Cactus and Succulents by Jim Oravetz, 7/90, page 2
- September and October Tips (wind, ants, whitefly) from Arizona Cactus Sales, 9/98, page 3
- Shade Cloth an Introduction by Lynn Friedman, 5/20, page 9
- Shade Screen Project by Steve Stempleski, 1/89, page 1
- Shade Screen Project by Steve Stempleski, 4/89, page 9
- She’s Your Baby Now (choosing appropriate plants for Phoenix) by Eric Lundberg, 4/20, page 9
- Slugs by Lou Steichman, 12/79, page 4
- Soil by Sue Hakala, 3/16, page 16
- Soils and Pots by Leo Martin, 2/01, page 3
- Sowbugs and Pillbugs by Sue Hakala, 3/99, page 4
- Spider Mites by Sue Hakala, 1/19, page 20;10/05, page 1
- Stapelias and Mealy Bugs Preventing Infestations by Sue Hakala, 8/08, page 6
- Stinkbugs by Sue Hakala, 9/00, page 7
- Stocks for Grafting Cacti in the Desert by Bob Moulis, 6/76, page 1
- Thrashers: Those Damn Thrashers! by Tom Gatz, 11/6, page 11
- Timely Warning (cygon-ze pesticide) by Henry F. Lee, M.D., 1/91, page 5
- Tips and Tricks (for your plants) by Leo Martin, 8/02, page 2
- Turn of the Seasons by Leo Martin, 9/02, page 2
- Under the Lights by Lee Tolleson, 9/75, page 2
- Understanding Fertilizers by Gary Petterson, 4/90, page 1
- Understanding Plant Names by Sue Hakala, 1/17, page 11
- Waiting to Exhale by Tom Gatz, 10/06, page 6
- Watering Cactus and Succulents During the Summer—Proceed with Caution by Tom Gatz, 5/13, page 5
- Watering of Cacti by Lewis R. Steichman, 5/77, page 4
- What Came First? The Plant or the Pot? by Deborah Robin, 9/16, page 8
- What is Photoperiodism? by Marina Welham, 9/98, page 3
- What Plants Grow in Full Sun by Lee Brownson, 6/20, page 9
- What type of succulents thrive in a wet/damp environment like a mulched flower bed? by Sue Hakala, 5/19, page 7
- When in Doubt…Repot That Plant by Steve Plath, 3/16, page 9
- Where do I Get Started Growing Under Lights? by Ken Luiten, 6/18, page 9
- Where is a Good Place to Buy Plants Locally? (various authors), 12/18, page 10
- Where to Buy Cacti and Succulents by Chris Ginkel, 5/10, page 7
- White Plague of Opuntia by Muriel Beroza, 1/04, page 3
- Willow Caper (rooting cacti with willow tea) by Frank Hennessey, 6/84, page 7
- Writing Plant Names by Sue Hakala, 12/19, page 13
PROPAGATION
- A Happy Finding by Joan Skirvin, 6/94, 6/91, page 7
- Air-layering Adeniums and Other Woody Plants by Tom Gatz, 2/20, page 11
- Case of the Wet-Footed Crassula by Dr. Rob Wallace, 10/93, page 7
- Germinating Adenium Seeds: A Different Approach, by Dan Smith, 7/19, page 6
- Germination From Seed? It Should Be Easy by Carl S. Packer, 1/94, page 5
- Grafting Cactus: A New Technique by N. Zeislin and A. Keren, 10/94, page 11
- Grafting Cactus: A New Technique by N. Zeislin and A. Keren, 1/92, page 9
- Growing Stapeliads in Phoenix by Leo Martin, 10/98, page 9
- Hand-pollinating Stapelia Plants by Grant Meyer, 1/16, page 6
- Haworthia Leaf Propagation by Bob Wagner, 7/89, 4/87, page 3
- How Do I Graft a Cactus/Succulent? by Dean Patrick, 8/18, page 15
- by Leo Martin, 10/98, page 1
- How Do You Grow Lithops from seed, and What is the Best Sun Exposure? by Sue Hakala, 7/19, page 5
- How to Root Cuttings of Tree Aloes by Tom Gatz, 4/19, page 2
- Joy of Propagating from Seed by Joan Skirvin, 1/91, page 3
- Mangaves: The Uniqueness of Mangaves by Kim Andrews, 1/20, page 4
- Propagating Plants with Dean Patrick by Sue Hakala, 7/15, page 8
- Propagation Education Group by Sue Hakala, 6/15, page 8
- Removing a Graft and Rooting it by Dean Patrick, 9/19, page 4
- Rooting Epiphytic Cactus Cuttings in Arizona by Leo Martin, 3/04, page 6
- Rooting Euphorbia Leaves by Kent C. Newland, 1/76, page 4
- Smitten by Sansevierias by Sue Hakala, 10/00, page 1
- Stocks for Grafting Cacti in the Desert by Bob Moulis, 6/76, page 1
- Succulent Euphorbia Cultivation by Nick Diomede, 11/18, page 4
- What’s Going on with the Propagation Education Group (PEG) (no author), 9/15, page 9
- Willow Caper (rooting cacti with willow tea) by Frank Hennessey, 6/84, page 7
SEED GROWING
- An Interesting Experiment in Seed Germination by Dick Carter, 1/13, page 5
- Germination Adenium Seeds: A Different Approach by Dan Smith, 7/19, page 6
- Growing Agaves from Seeds by Charles F. Merbs, 12/76, page 2
- Growing Cactus and Succulents from Seed by Ken Luiten, 7/20, page 9
- How do You Grow Lithops from Seed, and What is the Best Sun Exposure? 7/19, page 5
- Old Seed Verses Fresh Seed by Elton Roberts, 8/18, pages 12-14
- Seed Collecting Year by John and Pat Graham, 1/87, pages 3-6
- Seeds found with in Leo Martin’s ‘From Your President Column’, 5/00, page 2
SHOWING PLANTS
- Cactus Show Pointers by Rodney Engard, 1/76, page 5
- Checklist of Essentials For Well-Prepared Plants (to show) (no author), 4/00, page 2, 3
- Impressions (of judging) by Joan Skirvin, 12/82, page 5
- Preparing Plants for Show by Sue Hakala, 3/18, page 6
- Preparing Your Plants for Next Year’s Show by Leo Martin, 5/06, page 6
- Ready, Set, Show (preparing plants to show) (no author), 4/00, page 2
- Show Preparation by Sue Hakala, 1/99, page 11
- Showing Cactus and Succulents for the Novice , Part 1 of 3 by Steve Plath, 1/15, page 8
- Showing Cactus and Succulents for the Novice , Part 2 of 3 by Steve Plath, 2/15, page 8
- Showing Cactus and Succulents for the Novice , Part 3 of 3 by Steve Plath, 3/15, page 6
- Showing Cactus and Succulents for the Novice, a Judge’s Perspective by Steve Plath, 3/08, page 4
- Showing Plants: A Plant Geek’s Perspective by Steve Plath, 3/07, page 6
- Shows and Judging by Dorothy Dunn, 4/07, page 3
- An Acid Trip for Your Plants? by Lee Brownson, 9/07, page 6
- Best Soil for Cactus by Ernest Braunton, 5/92, page 6
- Coir (Coconut Husk Fiber): A Universal Potting Medium? by Mark Dimmitt, 7/13, page 9
- Conclusions After Thirty Years of Experiments by Frank Hennessey, 4/89, pages 5-9
- Ensuring Good Drainage in Your Pots by Tom Gatz, 5/21, page 8
- Feed Me by Eric Lundberg, 11/19, page 12
- Fertilizing and Automatic Feeding by Leo Martin, 10/07, page 10
- Fertilizing Indoor Plants: Ask an Expert by Steve Plath, 5/18, page 14
- Good Growing (for beginners) by Debra Korobkin, 7/99, page 6
- How Well Do Your Plants Grow? by Jim Oravetz, 10/88, page 2
- How Well Do Your Plants Grow? by Jim Oravetz, 4/89, page 5
- Perfect Potting Mix for Cacti and Succulents by Tom Gatz, 10/08, page 6
- pH Factors by Steve Stempleski, 1/89, page 2
- pH Factors by Steve Stempleski, 4/89, page 8
- Pots and Potting Mix by Leo Martin, 3/16, page 11
- Pot Sealer by Scott McMahon, 7/20, page 13
- Pots and Potting Mix by Leo Martin, 3/16, page 11
- Pumice by Sue Hakala, 2/17, page 10
- Pumice an Introduction by Lynn Friedman, 8/20, page 9
- Repotting Cactus and Succulents by Jim Oravetz, 7/90, page 2
- So Much for Peat Moss and Watering (no author), 4/91, page 8
- Soil by Sue Hakala, 3/16, page 16
- Soil Uptake of Nutrients in Relation to Acidity or Alkalinity by Gary Petterson, 4/90, page 5
- Soils and Pots by Leo Martin, 2/01, page 3
- Understanding Fertilizers by Gary Petterson, 4/90, page 1
- When in Doubt…Repot That Plant by Steve Plath, 3/16, page 9
SUMMER HEAT PLANT CARE AND WATERING
- 30% Shade Cloth by Paul Schueneman, 3/09, page 6
- Ask Harry with Harry O’Carpus (plant advice) by Scott McMahon, 6/99, page 5
- Basic Watering Guidelines for Succulents During Growth and Dormancy by Kim Andrews, 12/19, page 4
- Beginner’s Corner: An Introduction to Shade Cloth by Lynn Friedman, 5/20, page 9
- Beginner’s Corner: Getting Ready for Summer by Sue Hakala, 5/19, page 11
- Beginner’s Corner: Summer Watering by Sue Hakala, 7/19, page 15
- Cactus: How do I Stop a Cactus from Rotting? Sue Hakala, 4/19, page 8
- Desert Landscaping Tips compiled by Tom Gatz, 6/13, page 5
- Good Growing (for beginners) by Debra Korobkin, 7/99, page 6
- Growing in the Sonoran Desert by Sue Hakala, 2/19, page 16
- How to Treat a Newly Acquired Plant by Leo Martin, 8/02, page 3
- June Tips from Arizona Cactus Sales (caring for plants), 6/00, page 3
- Know Your Plants’ Native Climate by Doug Dawson, 1/09, page 7
- Lath House Caper by Philomela Hennessey, 9/75, page 2
- Our Latest Potting Mix Frank and Phil Hennessey, 3/79
- Providing Shade for Cactus and Succulents by Tom Gatz, 6/06, page 4
- Providing Shade for Cactus and Succulents by Tom Gatz, 6/20, page 3
- Shade Cloth an Introduction by Lynn Friedman, 5/20, page 9
- Shade Screen Project by Steve Stempleski, 1/89 page 1
- Shade Screen Project by Steve Stempleski, 4/89 page 9
- Beginner’s Corner: Summer Watering by Sue Hakala, 7/22, page 9
- Turn of the Seasons by Leo Martin, 9/02, page 2
- Watering Cactus and Succulents During the Summer—Proceed with Caution by Tom Gatz, 5/13, page 5
- Watering of Cacti by Lewis R. Steichman, 5/77, page 4
- What is Photoperiodism? by Marina Welham, 9/98, page 3
- What Plants Grow in Full Sun by Lee Brownson, 6/20, page 9
- When in Doubt...Repot That Plant by Steve Plath, 3/16, page 9
WATERING
- A Thorn in My Side: Learning to Grow Cacti and Succulents, by Lillian Barker, 9/14, page 6
- Altering Microclimates During Winter by Kim Andrews, 3/20, page 10
- An Acid Trip for Your Plants? by Lee Brownson, 9/07, page 6
- Basic Watering Guidelines for Succulents During Growth and Dormancy by Kim Andrews, 12/19, page 4
- Beginner’s Corner: Summer Watering by Sue Hakala, 7/19, page 15
- Beginner’s Corner: summer watering, by Sue Hakala, 7/22, page 9
- Beginning (your collection) by Lin Leivian, 8/04, page 6
- Breaking Dormancy by Kim Andrews, 4/20, page 6
- Breath In. Breath Out. by Wayne MacDonald, 7/21, page 5
- Cactus: How do I Stop a Cactus from Rotting? by Sue Hakala, 4/19, page 8
- Delay Watering After Repotting by Tom Gatz, 9/21, page 7
- Drip Irrigation Systems Part 1 by Leo Martin, 2/03, page 1
- Ensuring Good Drainage in Your Pots by Tom Gatz, 5/21, page 8
- Good Growing (for beginners) by Debra Korobkin, 7/99, page 6
- Growing in the Sonoran Desert by Sue Hakala, 2/19, page 16
- Hints (watering) by Fran and Lee Tolleson, 12/82, page 4
- How Often Should I Water My Sansevierias, how much sun can they take and are there any that are full sun lovers? by Sue Hakala, 7/19, page 5
- How to Treat a Newly Acquired Plant by Leo Martin, 8/02, page 3
- Know Your Plants’ Native Climate by Doug Dawson, 1/09, page 7
- Monsoon Rains Have Hidden Benefits for Plants by John Begeman, 8/18, page 6
- pH Factors by Steve Stempleski, 4/89, page 6
- So Much for Peat Moss and Watering (no author), 4/91, page 8
- Stomata by Gordon Rowley, 11/20, page 4
- Summer Watering by Sue Hakala, 7/18, page 4
- Summer Watering and Heat by Sue Hakala, 7/17, page 6
- Summer Watering found within Leo Martin’s From Your President column, 7/01, page 7
- Summer Watering found within Leo Martin’s From Your President column, 8/01, page 1
- Summer Watering by Species found within Leo Martin’s From Your President column, 6/02, page 1
- Surge Watering by Tom Gatz, 2/11, page 3
- Tips and Tricks (for your plants) by Leo Martin, 8/02, page 2
- Turn of the Seasons by Leo Martin, 9/02, page 2
- Waiting to Exhale by Tom Gatz, 10/06, page 6
- Watering Cactus and Succulents During the Summer—Proceed with Caution by Tom Gatz, 5/13, page 5
- Watering Now found within Leo Martin’s From Your President column, 4/02, page 1
- Watering of Cacti by Lewis R. Steichman, 5/77, page 4
- Watering Trees by Sue Hakala, 2/21, page 13
- Winter Watering found within Leo Martin’s From Your President column, 2/01, page 1
WINTER
- 10/10 Temperature Guide (when to cover plants) by Tom Gatz, 1/03, page 3
- Altering Microclimates During Winter by Kim Andrews, 3/20, page 10
- Altering Microclimates During Winter by Kim Andrews, 1/21, page 7
- Breaking Dormancy by Kim Andrews, 4/20, page 6
- Cacti and Succulents in Cold Weather by Russ Hintz, 12/00, page 3
- Crash Course on Winter-Growing Bulbs by Celeste Gornick, 10/08, page 5
- Frost Damage 2004 by Jim Elliott, 3/04, page 2
- Frost on the Cactus by Kent C. Newland, 1/76, page 6
- Frost Protection found within Leo Martin’s From Your President column, 1/99, page 1
- Growing in the Desert Series: Coping with Wet Winters by Mark Dimmitt, 1/12, page 4
- Gymnocalycium Habitat and Winter Culture by Mike Goodson, 8/85, page 4
- Holiday Cactus by Leo Martin, 12/02, page 9
- Insects in Winter by Sue Hakala, 1/20, page 2
- Need More Winter Help by Sue Hakala, 12/22, page 12
- Some Observations on Winter by Joan Skirvin, 8/85, page 4
- Turn of the Seasons by Leo Martin, 9/02, page 2
- Winter-growing Bulbs: Part II by Celeste Gornick, 3/09, page 6
- Winter Growing Plants found within Leo Martin’s From Your President column, 12/01, page 1
- Winter Growing Mesembs Through the Year by Leo Martin, 7/01, page 1
- Winter Protection by Leo Martin, 10/02, page 1
- Winter Watering found within Leo Martin’s From Your President column, 2/01, page 1
- Wintering Plants in Phoenix by Leo Martin, 11/00, page 3
- Winterizing Your Adeniums by Tom Gatz, 11/14, page 10
Compiled by Sue Hakala February 2022. Proofreading assistance by Lauren Marks through 2016, Betsy Dowling 2017, Nancy Mumpton 2018, Barbara Macnider 2019-2022.
Weblink Index Project Chair Sue Hakala with in-depth assistance provided by Kim Andrews, Mary Osmond Jeulfs, Lynn Palmer, and Christine Willis January 2023.
Converted to HTML by Peter Bockenthien, August 2024.
Top